An important article, even though it discusses European politics it is pertinent to the American scene.
The EDL are not really fascists yet..... they are not as far down the road as say the Ron Paul wing of the right in America. I would call the Paul/Palin wing, very careful proto fascists.
From Disssent Magazine
In
the last thirteen months, a totally new political phenomenon has taken
to the political stage in the UK. The English Defence League (EDL),
along with its offshoots in Wales and Scotland (the Welsh and Scottish
Defence Leagues) appeared in the spring of 2009. Its marches mobilize
thousands of people but it has no clear agenda, apart from disliking
Islam and defiant patriotism.
Despite the completely novel nature of the EDL, its opponents have
little trouble in understanding it through the prism of the longer
standing and more conventionally far right British National Party
(BNP). Organizations like Unite Against Fascism have demonstrated
against the EDL, calling it a fascist or Nazi organization. More
recently, there has been some controversy on the Left when a Jewish
Division of the EDL was
alleged
to have supported a Zionist Federation demonstration of solidarity with
Israel in the wake of the Gaza flotilla events. The occasional
brandishing of the Israeli flag alongside the flag of England’s
Palestinian patron saint, George, has caused consternation among
anti-fascists. So, what is the EDL? Is it fascist? And what’s with the
Israeli flags?
The EDL is a somewhat unstable organization ideologically, because
it brings together two very different trajectories, each one internally
quite heterogeneous. One trajectory—let’s call it the suited wing of
the EDL—draws from the growing and complex web of what I think of as
“clash of civilization” organizations. These are the aggressively
pro-Western anti-Islamic anti-multicultural currents which are
flourishing in Western Europe and North America, operating at a
reasonably high intellectual level compared to the traditional far
Right, best represented by the EDL-linked Stop the Islamisation of
Europe (SIOE). Many of these groups exist more in cyberspace than in
the real world, and a number of websites, such as Gates of Vienna, have
played a key role—but there have been plenty of real world
manifestations too, such as the
Pro-Koln movement in Cologne.
These currents are generally fairly middle- or even upper-class, and
combine traditional patriotism with varying degrees of pan-European or
pan-Western consciousness. They tend not to be interested in race and
ethnicity, but focus entirely on culture and especially religion. They
are diverse: they range from fairly conservative to fairly liberal and
libertarian, between those with a strong commitment to traditional
Christian (or Judeo-Christian) values and the militantly secular, and
finally from a more moral majority type outlook to a strong defense of
gay rights and women’s rights. There is also fairly strong support for
Israel, and probably some Jewish people; Israel is seen as an outpost
of Western civilization on the front line against Islam.
It would be wrong to call this diverse current fascist. It is
broadly speaking on the Right, but lacks most of the key features that
define fascism—for example, it is not particularly authoritarian, it
has little or no interest in race, it is not drawn to elaborate
conspiracy theories, to charismatic leaders, to uniforms or to bizarre
mystical thinking, and, of course, it is not antisemitic.
In Britain, the
UK Independence Party (UKIP)
is probably the closest political force to this current, although
anti-Islamic and pro-Western themes are not really top UKIP agenda
items, and UKIP’s defining hostility to Europe marks it off from others
in the Gates of Vienna milieu. But the
members of the House of Lords who hosted Geert Wilders take the UKIP whip, and it is significant that Alan Lake, the suited, middle-class EDL activist featured in a
Guardian exposé, left the EDL for UKIP.
The second trajectory that feeds into the EDL—let’s call it the
EDL’s booted wing—is football hooliganism. Football hooligans are
generally ultra-patriotic, and
Ulster Loyalism,
one of the EDL’s main inspirations, has a fairly strong base among
football hooligans. Many hooligans are casually racist, but long-term
involvement of black people in the scene tempers this. (The common
appearance of black faces on EDL marches bears this out.) Anti-foreign
and anti-immigrant sentiment and old-fashioned xenophobia (popular
sentiments in the hooligan milieu) are far more prevalent than
anti-black racism. And there may be casual antisemitism, but no strong
commitment to it. If these people have an opinion on Israel, it is more
likely to be admiring of Israel’s military prowess rather than any
particular view of Zionism, apart from among Loyalists, who have almost
tribal links to Israel. The strong hostility to Muslims is a fairly new
phenomenon, post-9/11 and especially post-2003, as this current is
strongly supportive of the armed forces, who are mainly of course
serving in Muslim countries and being killed by Islamist combatants.
(It was Islamist contempt for returning soldiers in Luton that
kickstarted the EDL.) In this context, the Israeli flag is a good way
of winding up Muslims, rather than an indicator of a commitment to
Zionist philosophy.
The National Front and, early in its life, the BNP attempted to
recruit from the hooligan scene. The aggressive nationalism, the strong
forms of networked organization, the ability to mobilize bodies in the
street and the zest for violence make this scene a prime target for the
far right. Although there were some in-roads, especially around teams
with the strongest connections to Loyalism, there was nothing on a big
scale. Again, though, it would be completely wrong to view this
formation as fascist, although there might be an argument for seeing it
as proto-fascist.
It is precisely this milieu’s strong forms of networked organization
(greatly enhanced by internet forums and mobile technologies), its
ability to mobilize bodies in the street and its zest for violence that
make the EDL such a powerful political force. On the other hand, it is
precisely these features that could be a liability if the EDL made any
attempt to move beyond street mobilizations or to link up with any kind
of electorally oriented force. The violence and the impatience with
ideas would be an embarrassment for any emerging British Geert Wilders.
The unity of these two very disparate trajectories means that the
EDL may not be sustainable as a political movement. However, there are
at least three ways it may become significant. With the BNP going
through an internal crisis, large chunks of it might realign with the
EDL–its Euro-nationalist modernizers orienting towards the suited
milieu, its fascist hardcore orienting towards the hooligan element.
This in turn would radicalize the EDL, and pull it in a fascist
direction.
Second, with or without BNP fragments and with or without its street
fighters, the suited wing of the EDL could play a key role in the
emergence of new form of right-wing electoral politics in the UK, along
the lines of European parties like
Holland’s Party for Freedom,
Austria’s Freedom Party or the Denmark’s People’s Party, positioned
outside mainstream conservatism but not classically fascist. Factor in
the half million voters prepared to vote BNP in the last elections, the
million UKIP voters, the growing discontent we’re likely to see with
mainstream politics as the Con-Dems’ austerity kicks in, and a
referendum on some form of proportional representation–and we have
quite a grim scenario.
Third, the street activities of the booted wing of the EDL are
themselves disastrous for Britain’s communities, as they have a very
real effect in spreading violence, fear and intimidation, making life
unbearable for many. There have been spikes in racist attacks in towns
where EDL marches have taken place. Violence breeds violence, and the
EDL are likely to contribute to the radicalization of Muslim youth and
to the recruiting powers of the most aggressively posturing of Islamist
groups.
To conclude, what is the implication of all of this? It means we
need to challenge the EDL, but we need to challenge it smartly. But
how? On the one hand, both the suited and booted wings of the EDL are
adept at portraying themselves as the victims of the liberal elite, and
hand-wringing moralistic opposition based on anti-racist or
multicultural pieties will feed this discourse, as will calling for
bans on their marches or for tougher policing. Similarly, chanting
“Nazi” at them will have no purchase, although pointing out their
fascist connections might serve to scare off a few of the UKIP types
attracted to them.
On the other hand, the clumsy application of a “militant” or
physical response is likely to be counter-productive. If the EDL win on
the street, this will heavily contribute to its glamour. Socialist
Workers Party students playing at being street fighters behind police
lines or Muslim kids playing up to a script of extremist youth–this
will only feed the EDL narrative.
A class- and community-based strategy which might work against the
BNP–moving into the political vacuum they attempt to fill in white
working class communities–will not work with the EDL either, because
its constituencies are geographically and socially dispersed.
I genuinely have no suggestions then about the best way to respond
to the EDL in the short term, but the nature of the EDL seems to me to
have clear implications about how to defeat them in the long term. In
the long term, we need a politics that mounts a robust defense of the
best elements of the Western enlightenment tradition against the
genuine threat posed by Islamism. If we leave this defense to
arch-reactionaries, we’ve failed in advance. One aspect of this is
surely to engage with those forces within the communities targeted by
the EDL who also care about Western democratic values, which is why
campaigns like
One Law for All and grassroots organizations like
Southall Black Sisters are so important.
Second, we need to foster an ethics of hospitality and solidarity,
so that the communities which the EDL seeks to inflame and divide are
immunized against their provocations. This means we need to actually
make the arguments for the value of immigration, cultural diversity,
and religious tolerance. Since 2001 we have generally failed in this.
Within
Guardian-reading enclaves these values are just taken
for granted, while in local and national politics the mainstream Left
has been reticent about defending them to the point of silence. The
absence of a debate has enabled the anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim
Right to dominate the discourse while claiming an underdog status in
relation to the liberal elite. People who are concerned about the
impact of migration in their areas or about the threat Islam might pose
are made to feel vaguely ashamed (as with Gillian Duffy, confronted
with the prime minister calling her a bigot), but the counter-arguments
are simply not articulated. The moment to articulate them is now long
overdue